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6. Conclusion
It is now widely accepted that hydrogen will be a major player in the future energy economy, thanks to its ability to play a highly efficient role as an energy carrier. The success of this compound in this role also depends on the implementation of production processes using renewable substrates. This is the context in which the fermentative production of hydrogen is presented here. The main current limitations concern synthesis speeds and yields, which remain relatively low. Optimization of these processes will most probably involve valorizing carbonaceous co-products (volatile fatty acids, alcohols) and recycling the carbon dioxide produced. This approach should therefore lead to the implementation of processes involving several stages, in the manner of a biorefinery process. These stages may call on very different technologies, since they will most probably involve dark anaerobic and/or...
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Conclusion
Bibliography
Software tools
Aquasim 2.0. Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG). http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/siam/software/aquasim/program_description
SIMBA (ifak system): simulation of wastewater treatment plants including activated sludge digesters....
Websites
• In France
Biohydrogen research group
ANR Bioenergies 2008 project INGECOH: Ecological engineering of fermentative biohydrogen-producing microbial ecosystems
...Events
World Hydrogen Energy Conference (WHEC). Conference on hydrogen (production, storage, use) held every two years. In 2018, the 22 e conference will be held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).
Anaerobic Digestion (AD). Conference on anaerobic digestion (hydrogen and methane) held every four years. In 2017, the 15th conference was held in Harbin (China).
Standards and norms
Regulations
Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 23, 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC (Official Journal of the European Union 5.6.2009)
Statistical and economic data
The hydrogen market
Worldwide hydrogen production amounts to over 550 billion m 3 /year.
Worldwide, 96% of the energy currently used to produce hydrogen comes from fossil fuels using thermochemical processes: 48% from natural gas reforming, 30% from hydrocarbon reforming and 18% from coal gasification.
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