Overview
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Read the articleAUTHORS
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Martine DAUCHIER: Engineer, École nationale supérieure de chimie et physique de Bordeaux - Head of the Ablative Rigidimers Department at Snecma Propulsion solide
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Jean-Claude CAVALIER: Doctor of Chemistry - Head of the Materials Development Department at Snecma Propulsion solide
INTRODUCTION
The first materials used in solid rocket nozzles were refractory metals such as tungsten and polycrystalline graphite. The high density of the former and the low resistance to thermal shock with random fracture of the latter led to their gradual replacement by composite materials. In this application, the materials withstand temperatures close to 3,000 ˚C for durations of a few seconds to a few minutes. Moreover, given that in most nozzles chemical reactions take place in a rather reducing environment, it was natural to consider carbon as the material of choice to develop in the early sixties a family of composites called rigidimers or phenolic ablative composites, as they are made up of a refractory reinforcement such as carbon or silica and a phenolic resin-based ablative matrix. This resin decomposes under the effect of heat, leaving a large residue of carbon, which enables the thermal energy of the nozzle gases to be partially dissipated and the reinforcement to be held in place.
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Ablative phenolic composites
Standardization
French Standards Association (AFNOR)
- Reinforced plastics – Moulding composites and prepregs. Determination of apparent volatile matter content. - NF ISO 9782 - 06-1994
- Fiber-reinforced plastics – Prepregs – Determination of the conventional resin flow rate (float) parallel to the plane of the folds. - T 57-603 - 09-1988
- Fiber-reinforced plastics – Prepregs and molding compounds – Determination of resin,...
Manufacturers. Suppliers (non-exhaustive list)
In France
Rhodia – Fibers and Resins Intermediate
(manufacturer of phenolic resin)
Hexcel Fabrics
(impregnated manufacturer)
...Websites
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) :
Snecma Propulsion solide :
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