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ABSTRACT
The chemistry of the main conventional pulping processes for producing unbleached lignocellulosic pulps: soda, kraft and bisulfite processes, or organosolv pulping (solvolysis), is reviewed in this paper. The principal reactions in the degradation and solubilization of lignin in the cooking liquor, and the main mechanisms of polysaccharide degradation, are described. The chemical nature of the main substrate, wood, and of its three main macropolymer components (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin), are detailed. Knowledge of these mechanisms takes on special importance with the increased development of lignocellulose biorefineries, mills for producing fibers, energy, and biomaterials from non-food sustainable plant resources.
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Read the articleAUTHORS
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Gérard MORTHA: University Professor - Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Papetiers (LGP2 – UMR CNRS 5518), École Internationale du Papier, de la Communication Imprimée et des Biomatériaux, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
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Anne-Laurence DUPONT: Doctor of Science, HDR, CNRS researcher - Center de recherche sur la conservation des collections (CRC, USR 3224), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, CNRS, Paris, France
INTRODUCTION
The chemistry of lignocellulosic pulp manufacturing processes using conventional chemical cooking (soda, kraft and bisulfite processes) or organosolve cooking (solvolysis) is reviewed in this article. The main reactions leading to the degradation and solubilization of lignin and the hydrolysis of polysaccharides are described. The chemical nature of the main substrate, wood, as well as that of its three main polymeric constituents (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin), is detailed. Understanding these mechanisms is a key factor in the growing development of lignocellulosic biorefineries, plants producing fibers, energy and biomaterials from non-food plant resources.
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KEYWORDS
reaction mechanisms | lignocellulosic pulps | biorefineries | delignification | bisulfite and organosolv pulping
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Physics and chemistry
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Process chemistry for manufacturing unbleached lignocellulosic pulps
Context
Bibliography
Websites
Portals of TAPPI http://www.tappi.org/ and PAPTAC http://www.paptac.ca/fr , North America's leading pulp, paper and board industry technical associations – Major industrial and scientific information and documentation sites: trade journals, e-learning, bookstore...
Standards and norms
- "Pulps – Determination of Kappa number". International Organization for Standardization. TAPPI/ANSI T 236 om-13 standard – "Kappa number of pulp, Test Method. - ISO 302:2004 -
- "Cellulose in dilute solutions – Determination of limiting viscosity number" International Organization for Standardization. Standard TAPPI T 230 om-08 "Viscosity of pulp (capillary viscometer method)". - ISO 5351:1, ISO 5351:2 -
- Essais...
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