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1. Introduction
The monitoring of chemical and/or biological parameters is required by a range of environmental legislation to assess the state of different compartments (e.g. water, soil, air), the risks associated with different pressures (e.g. diffuse or point-source pollution), to track the effectiveness of action programs (control or restoration), and/or to study trends. In this context, monitoring programs are an indispensable element of any water management system (figure 1 ).
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Introduction
Water Framework Directive (WFD)
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