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9. Industrial water
In 2016, French industry (excluding energy production) withdrew 2.5 km 3 , of which 1.48 km 3 was surface water (59.1%) and 1.02 km 3 groundwater (40.9%). Water use in industry is highly varied, as are water management methods (open circuit, recycling, reuse).
9.1 Industrial water use
The main uses of water can be summarized in three main categories:
water as a thermal fluid for heating or cooling: steam produced by boilers, chilled water, open, closed or semi-open cooling circuits;
water as one of the raw materials in a manufacturing process,...
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Industrial water
Reuse of treated wastewater
Bibliography
Regulations
Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban waste water of May 21, 1991 (OJ L 135 of May 30, 1991).
Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of October 23, 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy (Official Journal L 327 of December 22, 2000).
Law of January 3, 1992 on water (JORF n° 3 of January 4, 1992)....
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