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5. RFU development in Europe and worldwide
The first RFUs, developed for non-commercial purposes, were installed by owners of multiple buildings (hospitals, university campuses, military camps, airports), with the obvious aim of simplifying the operation of their facilities. The first commercial SFN appeared in Hartford, Connecticut (USA) in 1962.
There are an estimated 7,000 district energy networks worldwide, of which more than 1,500 are UENs. In France, in 2008, there were over 450 district heating networks (corresponding to 26,000 GWh of final energy and serving almost 2 million housing equivalents) and just 14 district cooling networks (corresponding to 894 GWh of final energy and serving 80,000 housing equivalents). RFU networks in France represent more than 130 km of pipelines, mainly in Paris, Bordeaux, Grenoble, Lyon, Monaco and Montpellier.
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RFU development in Europe and worldwide
Main components of RFU
Bibliography
- (1) - IFF - Le rôle du froid dans l'économie mondiale (the role of refrigeration in the global economy). - 29e note d'information sur les technologies du froid (29 th information note on refrigeration technologies), nov. 2015 http://www.iifiir.org ...
Websites
Via Séva, cooling networks, sustainable and renewable energy http://www.viaseva.org
FEDENE (Fédération des services énergie environnement) http://www.fedene.fr
Information website on Smart Grids (modernization of power grids)
Directory
International organizations
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Conditioning Engineers)
European Marketing Group, District Heating and Cooling
Energy Centre Denmark/Danish Technological Institute
IDEA (International District Energy Association)
IEA (International Energy Agency)
...
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