Overview
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ABSTRACT
In this article, an overview of the pulse echo method, widely used in the field of nondestructive evaluation for mechanical characterization of solids or liquids is presented. The basic principles and the waves used are also found in the medical field although in this case the ultrasonic transducer is a multi-element device. The method seems very simple because it is based on an elementary relation (distance = velocity x time), but its application sometimes needs specific skills. After a presentation of the single-element transducer and the commonly used conventional measuring benches, the most common experimental approaches are detailed and illustrated with various examples.
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Read the articleAUTHORS
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Didier LAUX: Doctor, senior lecturer, qualified to direct research - IES (Institut d'Électronique et des Systèmes, UMR CNRS 5214), University of Montpellier, France - 860, rue Saint Priest, bât 5, 34095 Montpellier, France - [email protected] - and in alphabetical order
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Franck AUGEREAU: Doctor, Senior Lecturer - IES, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Emmanuel Le CLEZIO: Doctor, University Professor - IES, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Gilles DESPAUX: Doctor, University Professor - IES, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Jean-Yves FERRANDIS: Doctor, research engineer qualified to direct research - IES, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Eric ROSENKRANTZ: Doctor, Senior Lecturer - IES, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
INTRODUCTION
While the fundamental relationships governing the propagation of mechanical vibrations, and consequently ultrasound, have been established for over 200 years thanks to the work of d'Alembert and Lord Rayleigh,
Thanks to the increasing performance of computers, microtechnologies and the advent of digital technology, it is now possible to produce multi-element ultrasound transducers
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KEYWORDS
Non-destructive testing | viscosity | solids | liquids | elastic moduli | pulse echo
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Non-destructive testing
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Pulse-echo characterization of solids and liquids
Single-element transducer
Bibliography
Standards and norms
- Standard Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA - ASTM E494-15 - 2015
Patents
MARTINOTY (P.), COLLIN (D.). Piezo-Rheometric Measuring Cell and Corresponding Piezo-Rheometer. US 20080236255 A1. WO 2006/018516.
SINHA (D.N.). – Non invasive identification of fluids by swept-frequency acoustic interferometry. Patent number 5767407 (1998).
Software tools
Disperse Software. Guided wave dispersion curve calculation. Developed by LOWE (M.J.S.) et al, Imperial College London NDT.
Cast3M – Finite element calculation software developed by the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA).
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