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4. Determining the free volume of defects in the core or surface of materials
This paragraph illustrates the properties of lacunar defects that positrons have made it possible to determine in metals, semiconductors or insulators, based on the following annihilation characteristics:
living time
moment distribution of annihilated electron-positron pairs
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Determining the free volume of defects in the core or surface of materials
Conclusions
Installation costs
In terms of budget, the electronic part of the three classic techniques costs around e30,000 (in 2000) each. More sophisticated set-ups can obviously increase this price. To the price of the electronics and sources, we must of course add the cost of the cryogenic facilities and the mechanical parts of the apparatus (angular correlation). Finally, a complete bibliography can be found in the works cited in the references...
Suppliers
Non-exhaustive list
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Turnkey assemblies
AMETEC France
Represents ORTEC in France
ORTEC (Doppler Broadening and Lifetime Spectrometers)
Canberra (Lifetime and Doppler broadening...
Organizations
Some laboratories specializing in this field:
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in the USA :
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) http://www-phys.llnl.gov/H_Div/Positrons/
University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) – Positron surface group...
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