Overview
FrançaisABSTRACT
This article describes dermal pathways of exposure, penetration, toxicological studies, and toxicity mechanisms of titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles, when known. Titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles accumulate or/and penetrate into the stratum corneum, the outer part of the epidermis. In the case of sunburn or psoriasis, titanium dioxide nanoparticles penetrate deeper. The use of nanosilver wound dressings for burns allows the systemic absorption of silver and its distribution in target organs. The utility of nanosilver in some industrial applications is questioned, given the environmental impact of silver.
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Nicole PROUST: EPF research engineer. Honorary research director at CNRS. Expertise in toxicology and occupational safety. Member of the Association Toxicologie Chimie de Paris. France.
INTRODUCTION
In the nanoworld, objects are extremely small, and have particularly interesting and different properties to those they have in the macroscopic world. The reactivity of a material depends on the area of contact it has with its environment, and is an increasing function of its specific surface area. The specific surface area of a nanoparticle, defined in square meters per gram, illustrates this gigantic increase in surface area as the diameter decreases. The smaller the nanoparticle size, the greater the proportion of surface atoms. Size, the crystalline or non-crystalline form of the material, charge and solubility are all important parameters. In addition to their reactive properties, nanoparticles have remarkable physicochemical, optical and electrical properties, which may explain the current interest in them. As a result, a great deal of new research has been carried out, followed by industrial developments in a number of fields, some of which have been ignored by consumers. In this article, only the mineral nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) and silver (Ag 0 ) used in certain everyday consumer products are considered. Their impact on the skin will be described based on the significant publications available. Vectors of exposure, results of toxicity studies will be discussed, as well as mechanisms of intoxication, when known. Titanium dioxide and silver in nanometric form each present benefits but also risks, and it is currently difficult for the consumer to make a judicious choice, as the risks have not been established with certainty. Given the current state of knowledge, this article will raise more questions than it answers. For simplicity's sake, the term "nanotitanium" will be used instead of titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
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KEYWORDS
nanoparticles toxicity | titanium dioxide | silver | dermal exposure
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Titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles
Bibliography
- (1) - WOODROW WILSON CENTER - Nanotechproject. Inventaires. - http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/silver/...
Directory
Organizations – Federations – Associations (non-exhaustive list)
ANEC: European consumer voice in standardization.
ANSES: Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail.
...Regulations
COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of October 18, 2011 on the definition of nanomaterials. Text with EEA relevance. 2011/696/EU.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32011H0696&from=EN
DECREE N° 2012-232 of February 17, 2012 relating to the annual...
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