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2. Raw materials
Non-ionic surfactants are produced from widely available raw materials. In some cases, it is possible to use raw materials from different origins, giving greater ease and flexibility of supply.
The fatty acid esters used have hydrophobic chain lengths ranging from C8 to C18, while the hydrophilic part is selected from monoalcohols, glycols, tri-tetra- penta- and hexa-hydroxyalcohols. The latter can be further modified by the addition of ethylene and/or propylene oxide.
Alkoxylated derivatives are highly versatile, since their synthesis can be influenced by the nature of the hydrophobic chain, the number of alkoxy units, the relative percentages of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, their order of addition, and the formation of alkyl derivatives by reaction with terminal hydroxyls. This allows a high degree of flexibility in formulations...
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Raw materials
Manufacturing processes
Bibliography
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Regulations
Regulations in force in European Union countries http://www.cc.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/chemicals/documents/specific-chemicals/detergents/index_en.htm
Council Directive 76/769/EEC of July 27, 1976 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and...
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The non-ionic surfactants used on an industrial scale on the European market are presented in Table 2 . The chemical formulas and properties of the most important products are given at
Statistical and economic data
1. Production
Among the various classes of surfactants, non-ionic surfactants (NIS) now rank first in terms of both volume and value. Their consumption continues to grow due to their physico-chemical properties, the effects they are intended to achieve, and developments in formulation technologies.
In Europe, the total market for surfactants (expressed as 100% active ingredient)...
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