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1. Physical phenomena underlying freeze-drying
The basic principles of freeze-drying, which is a procedure for eliminating water by sublimation of crystalline ice, are therefore based on changes in the state of water. This operation, the duration of which depends on the physical characteristics of the ice formed, follows physical mechanisms based on the matter and heat transfer phenomena involved in the sublimation phenomenon.
1.1 Changes in the physical state of water
Water is a simple material from a chemical point...
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Physical phenomena underlying freeze-drying
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Bibliography
Websites
Freeze-drying.eu http://www.freeze-drying.eu
Freeze Drying/Lyophilization Info Online https://www.worldcat.org/title/freeze-dryinglyophilization-of-pharmaceutical-and-biological-products/oclc/664125915
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CRYOTEC http://www.cryotec.fr
USIFROID http://www.usifroid.com
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