1. Productivity gains thanks to high-performance experimental techniques

1.1 Molecular biology and microbiology

The determination of the complete genetic sequences of a growing number of organisms, from the simplest to the most complex, has enabled rapid progress in molecular biology . In the 1990s, the first total sequences of bacterial genomes were obtained, and in the following decade, the human genome was sequenced. In recent years, new generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have been developed. These technologies include Roche 454, Illumina ^® de Solexa, Ion Torrent™ : Proton/PGM. These techniques are...