Overview
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ABSTRACT
The use of very different refractory ceramics to produce steel is justified by the very varied stresses undergone in service by these refractories. The conditions in the steel tools are presented. Observations of characteristic degradations of refractories in steel plants are described in detail with the help of photographs.
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Read the articleAUTHORS
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Philippe BLUMENFELD: Retired refractory expert from the ArcelorMittal group - Council, Beaucaire, France
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Jacques POIRIER: Professor Emeritus, University of Orléans - CEMHTI – Extreme Conditions and Materials: High Temperature and Irradiation, CNRS, Orléans, France
INTRODUCTION
The performance of refractories used in the steel industry depends on the conditions of use in relation to the manufacture of liquid metal. These ever-changing conditions have made it necessary to develop hundreds of different refractories capable of providing the best possible resistance in the different zones of these numerous furnaces.
The first part of this article describes the conditions undergone by refractories from the blast furnace to continuous casting.
Temperature and atmosphere conditions, the presence of slag, the flow of different materials (gas, metal...), continuous or intermittent operation, thermal cycling, all vary greatly during the production process in the different furnaces.
Here, we try to quantify temperature, oxygen partial pressure, material flows, etc. The aim is to list the major stresses imposed on refractories and to rank them in order of importance in the various stages of production.
The second part of this article is dedicated to describing the main types of refractory degradation in the steel industry, using visual observation. The complexity of refractory attack still makes these observations indispensable today, so as to judiciously optimize the choice of refractory materials.
The main types of refractory degradation that can be observed in industrial tools are described in detail. Photographic plates are used for this purpose.
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KEYWORDS
steel tools | degradations of refractories | steel plants | refractories solicitations
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Bibliography
Standards and norms
- (Matériaux réfractaires) - ISO IC81.080 -
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