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2. Main alloys and applications
2.1 Non-alloyed metals
For non-alloyed metals, we distinguish between standard quality, obtained by melting Kroll sponge or electrolytic crystals, and ultra-pure quality, obtained by the Van Arkel process.
For zirconium, the Kroll sponge is widely used to obtain unalloyed metal and alloy products, while for hafnium, the very pure Van Arkel metal is commonly used.
High-purity hafnium is a metal containing very few impurities (generally less than 100 parts per million by mass), such as oxygen, iron and most other elements, with the exception of zirconium, which is always present in the order of several percent, often around 4%.
In general, alloys are low in additive elements...
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Main alloys and applications
Texture and anisotropy
Bibliography
Norms and standards
Most standards for zirconium and hafnium metal products, or alloys, are American ASTM standards. A few French standards also exist. Few standards concern hafnium.
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French standards
- Corrosion of metals and alloys – Aqueous corrosion testing of zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors. - NF EN ISO 10270 - Juillet 2008
- Description and qualification...
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