9. Low-pressure atmospheres
9.1 Principle and implementation of low-pressure processes
The absence of atmosphere provides an inert environment in a treatment furnace, preventing any chemical action on the metal surface.
There are two categories of vacuum furnaces: hot-wall furnaces, whose operating temperature is limited to 700 ˚C, and cold-wall furnaces, whose temperature can reach 2,000 ˚C. Vacuum, used in industrial furnaces, corresponds to residual pressures of 10 5 to 10 -3 Pa. There are several classes of vacuum:
rough vacuum ............................................................ 10 5 at 133...
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Low-pressure atmospheres
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