Overview
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ABSTRACT
Due to their excellent compromise between density, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, titanium alloys are optimal candidates for many applications, particularly in the aeronautical and space areas. For these alloys, thermal and thermomechanical treatments are systematically used in order to optimize the performances and adapt the microstructure to the desired use. This article lists the fundamentals for the manufacture of semi-finished products and finished products by forging, rolling, extrusion, wire drawing and drawing, as well as state-of-the-art techniques such as superplastic bulging, powder metallurgy, casting and additive manufacturing.
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Read the articleAUTHOR
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Yves COMBRES: PhD in Materials Science and Engineering - Vice President, Major Industrial Projects - Framatome – BU Combustible – Division des Opérations Composants, Paris, France
INTRODUCTION
Titanium and its alloys offer many advantages over other metals, thanks to their excellent density/mechanical properties/corrosion resistance ratio. However, the cost of these parts is high. This limits their applications to the aerospace sector (aircraft engine disks, certain landing gear, casings, wing elements, etc.). 70% of the market consists of long products intended for stamping or casting after melting; the remaining 30% are mainly flat products for stamping, superplastic inflation, or assembly by welding.
We'll be focusing on the production of titanium alloy shapes using plastic deformation techniques, and introducing techniques requiring the addition of liquid metal, such as casting and welding, which are described in detail elsewhere.
As with other alloy systems, the working properties of titanium alloys are highly dependent on microstructure. So, to obtain the best grade for a given application and optimize mechanical properties, thermomechanical and thermal treatments are always used in the various manufacturing stages. The aim is to obtain not only the final shape of the part, but also the microstructure adapted to the mechanical property specifications.
The aim of this article is therefore to provide potential users of titanium and its alloys with a basic understanding of the manufacture of semi-finished and finished products by forging, rolling, extruding, drawing, superplastic blowing or powder metallurgy.
To this end, the text is divided into four parts. First, titanium metallurgy (phases involved, morphology, etc.) is briefly reviewed, along with dynamic and static microstructural evolutions. Next, the manufacture of semi-finished products is presented. Next, the manufacture of finished products is discussed, followed by an introduction to shaping involving the addition of liquid metal.
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The Ultimate Scientific and Technical Reference
KEYWORDS
thermal treatment | thermomechanics | titanium | forming
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Metal forming and foundry
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Shaping titanium alloys
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