3. Plastic crush tests
These tests have the advantage of imposing a well-defined plastic deformation on the metal at a contact pressure above its elastic limit, conditions which are well representative of the unit operations of rolling, drawing, etc., but their representativeness for simulating operations such as multi-pass forming or extrusion is not clearly established.
3.1 Ring test
Historically, it was the first specific metal forming test developed, following a suggestion by Kudo, to determine friction from the geometric evolutions of a product.
At zero friction, crushing produces centrifugal flow and uniform circumferential extension of the ring; friction slows down this centrifugal flow and, when high enough, can even cause centripedal flow in the inner...
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Plastic crush tests
Experimental characterization of wear
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