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3. Choice of shades
Once the shape of the product has been defined, the choice is made according to the stresses of the construction or part. It is obviously advantageous in general to choose grades with high yield strengths to reduce weight and material costs, but this must take into account problems of stability, thickness limits (for corrosion, for example) and processing constraints such as weldability or forming.
Example:
Bending ability decreases as strength increases, and high forming forces can exceed press power.
As far as stability is concerned, limitations arise from simple buckling under compression, but also from other instabilities such as torsional buckling. Serviceability conditions play a part in the choice of grades if stresses change: this is the case for fatigue, but also...
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Choice of shades
Quality selection
Bibliography
Codes
CODAP is the French pressure equipment code, available from CETIM in Senlis. However, there is now a standardized European code in 4 parts:
NF EN 12952 Water-tube boilers ;
NF EN 12953 Fire tube boilers ;
NF EN 13445 Unfired pressure vessels ;
NF EN 13480 Industrial piping.
Standards and norms
- Désignation et classification des nuances d'aciers. - NF EN 10020 - 09-00
- Produits laminés à chaud en aciers de construction. - NF EN 10025 - 03-09
- Produits plats laminés à chaud en acier à haute limite d'élasticité pour formage à froid. - NF EN 10149 - 12-95
- Bandes et tôles laminées à chaud en continu, en acier doux pour emboutissage ou pliage à froid. - NF EN 10111 - 07-98
- Produits sidérurgiques....
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