Overview
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ABSTRACT
An object or event localized in space is, together with its attribute data, geographic information. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allow for obtaining, managing, using and transmitting such information by treating the graphic aspect of the object but also its semantic content. The geographic information can have varied origins, objects are localizable by nature, others by association of similar or different themes. The application domains of GISs are vast and cover territorial development up to geomarketing. From these analyses models or simulations are derived which make of GISs and their components (materials, software, personnel, data) a territorial decision tool.
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Read the articleAUTHORS
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Pierre-Alain AYRAL: Doctor of Science - Lecturer at IMT Mines Alès, France
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Sophie SAUVAGNARGUES: Teacher - Teacher-researcher at IMT Mines Alès, France - This article is the updated version of article H7415 entitled "Geographic information systems: a tool to support territorial management", written by Pierre-Alain AYRAL and Sophie SAUVAGNARGUES in 2009.
INTRODUCTION
An object or event located in space, together with its attribute data, constitutes geographic information. The aim of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is to manage this type of information. GIS must therefore be able to handle not only the graphical aspect of the object, but also its semantic content, bringing it closer to Information Systems (IS).
The scope of this geographic information is vast. It includes both objects that can be located by nature (rivers, roads, municipal boundaries, etc.) and others (the most numerous) that can be located by association. It is thus possible to link the flow of a river to a measuring station, or customers to a region. As a result, the fields of application for GIS are equally vast, covering everything from land-use planning to geomarketing.
The representation of this geographic information is cartography, one of the first tasks that can be carried out with a GIS. However, it is vital to note that GIS can go beyond this level of analysis, enabling the study of spatial relationships between objects within the same thematic area (e.g. understanding the structure of hydrographic networks), as well as between objects within different thematic areas (e.g. the relationship between the distribution of the population and that of hospitals). These analyses can be used to produce models and/or simulations, leading to the production of information for decision-makers. It is this level of analysis that makes GIS a territorial decision-making tool.
The aim of this article is to provide an introduction to GIS, starting with a review of the concepts behind this tool, followed by a detailed description of its components (hardware, software, methods, data and personnel). In order to understand the uses to which GIS can be put, the functionalities of GIS software are developed and the fields of application are presented, with a case study devoted to crisis management teaching. The book concludes with a look at the future of GIS and geomatics (the discipline that deals with GIS in particular).
A glossary of terms is provided at the end of the article.
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KEYWORDS
geographic information system | decison making tool | geomatics
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Geographic information systems: a territorial management tool
Bibliography
Software tools
ARCGIS ® – ESRI France :
GEOCONCEPT ® :
GEOMEDIA ...
Websites
CEN: European Committee for Standardization – TC 287 Technical Committee on Geographic Information
http://www.cen.eu/CENORM/Sectors/TechnicalCommitteesWorkshops/CENTechnicalCommittees/
CRIGE PACA: Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Regional Center for Geographic Information...
Standards and norms
- Information géographique Géomatique (45 normes publiées et 30 normes en projet) - ISO/TC 211 -
- Standard GML (Geographic Markup Language) permettant l'échange de données vectorielles - OGC -
- Standards WMS (Web Map Server) et WFS (Web Feature Server) permettant la production de cartographie à partir de serveurs de données et la manipulation de ces objets géographiques - OGC -
Regulations
Directive [2007/2/EC] INSPIRE: of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing an infrastructure for the dissemination of spatial information in the European Community.
Directory
Organizations – Federations – Associations (non-exhaustive list)
AFIGEO: French Association for Geographic Information
CNIG: Conseil National de l'Information Géographique (National Council for Geographic Information)
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