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1. Mass flow – Fundamental laws
The fundamental laws of fluid mechanics define the principles for calculating velocities and head losses in the case of liquid flows, depending on whether they are considered :
perfect liquids ;
or natural liquids.
1.1 Expression of speed (Torricelli's law)
In the case of free flow through a thin-walled orifice, Torricelli's law expresses that the velocity of the liquid is equal to that of a body falling in a vacuum, without initial velocity, from the free surface, i.e. :
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Mass flow – Fundamental laws
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