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4. Conclusion
Cooling systems for temperatures below 1 K have undergone constant development and are now mature. The main methods presented here form the basis for commercial devices.
The choice of technology depends on temperature requirements, cooling capacity and operational constraints.
Recent developments in cryorefrigerators enable them to be operated without cryogenic liquids, considerably simplifying their use.
Although applications are mainly found in research laboratories, projects for cryogenic detectors at very low temperatures suggest that industrial applications will be available in the near future.
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Conclusion
Bibliography
Websites
DRTBT School online resources (CNRS/CEA) http://www-ecole-drtbt.grenoble.cnrs.fr
Patrick Pari's notes on dilution cryostats are particularly useful. They contain a wealth of information on the dimensioning and design of these systems.
Patents
Dilution Cryostat EP 0188976 B1
Portable helium 3 cryostat US 4136526 A
Cryocooling apparatus and process WO 2013021217 A2
Dilution refrigerator with sample holding device EP 0675330 B1
Refrigerator and process for producing very low temperature cold EP 2307823 B1
Directory
Manufacturers – Suppliers
Janis Research Company, Inc, United States https://www.lakeshore.com/
Leiden Cryogenics, The Netherlands http://www.leidencryogenics.com
Advanced Research Systems, Inc, United States
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