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2. Site conditions
Environmental conditions vary considerably from one site to another.
– Water depth: as offshore farms extend over large areas, bathymetry varies from one point to another on the same farm. Foundations often need to be adapted for each wind turbine.
– Tide: the average tidal range depends on the site. It is low in the Mediterranean, reaches 5 m on the Atlantic coast and exceeds 10 m in front of Saint-Malo.
– Waves: the local wave climate is fundamentally different between an area sheltered by land and the open sea. Waves generate considerable hydrodynamic forces, which dictate the dimensioning of structures.
– Currents: tide-induced currents reinforce hydrodynamic forces on structures.
– Soil: all stresses on the wind turbine are absorbed by the soil. The ground is...
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Site conditions
Equipment and infrastructure design
Bibliography
Websites
Syndicat des énergies renouvelables http://www.enr.fr
European Wind Energy Association – EWEA (European Wind Energy Association) http://www.ewea.org
British Wind Energy Association http://www.bwea.com/offshore/
...Events
EWEA Offshore: Conference and exhibition, held every two years in autumn in Europe (odd-numbered years). http://www.ewea.org
Windforce: Wind Energie Agentur conference and exhibition, held annually in Northern Germany http://www.wab.net
Standards and norms
- Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Structures – Offshore Standard - DNV-OS-J101 - 10-11
- Guideline for the Certification of Offshore Wind Turbines http://www.onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/mb/Offshore%20Wind/Guideline.pdf - Germanischer Lloyds -
- International Standard for Wind Turbines Part 3: Design requirements for offshore wind turbines http://www.webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec61400-3%7Bed1.0%7Db.pdf -...
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