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1. Essences
At service stations, particularly in France, motorists are offered several types of petrol; these generally have similar physical properties, but differ in their octane ratings or in their level of "finish", which leads to particular formulations (bases, additives) distributed under specific trade names (since 2006: V-Power, Ultimate, Excellium, for example). In what follows, we will focus on the characteristics of conventional unleaded fuel, known as SP 95 or Eurosuper, which is widely distributed in Europe under EN228 specifications.
1.1 Physical properties
The density, distillation curve and vapor pressure of gasolines are the most important physical characteristics for achieving both satisfactory vehicle operation and low hydrocarbon emissions through evaporation....
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LPG fuel (LPG-C)
Bibliography
- (1) - ALANDER (T.J.A.), LESKINEN (A.P.), RAUNEMAA (T.M.), Rantanen (L.) - Characterization of diesel particles: Effects of fuel reformulation, exhaust aftertreatment, and engine operation on particle carbon composition and volatility. - Environmental Science & Technology 38 (9) : 2707-2714 (2004).
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Websites
Fuel compatibility of vehicles in service http://www.service-public.fr/actualités
European regulations http://ec.europa.eu/environnement/r/transport/fuel.htm
Events
SIA Fuel Congress http://www.sia.fr
THIESEL Congress organized by CMT every 2 years http://www.upv.es/noticias-upv/http://www.cmt.upv.es
Standards and norms
- norme européenne de qualité des essences - EN 228 -
- norme européenne de la qualité de l'éthanol carburant incorporé dans les essences - EN 15376 -
- norme européenne de la qualité du GPL-C - EN 589 -
Regulations
European Directive 98/70/EC (Fuel Quality Directive) on the quality of petrol and diesel fuels, revised on 1 er April 2009 (Directive 2009/30/EC).
European directive 70/220/EEC, regulation 715 2007 (euro 5) on motor vehicle emissions.
European Directive 2003/30/EC on the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport....
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Organizations – Federations – Associations (non-exhaustive list)
IFQC (International Fuel Quality Center) http://www.ifqc.org
IFP Énergies nouvelles http://www.ifpenergiesnouvelles.fr
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers...
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