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4. Personalized medicine
4.1 Biomarkers: definition and issues
A biomarker is a piece of biological data – it may be a genetic mutation, a protein, a metabolite, etc. – that can be correlated in a statistically significant way with a biological process (the onset of a pathology, the development of this pathology, recurrence, good or bad metabolization of a drug, in particular), and can be used as an aid to diagnosis, prognosis and/or therapeutic decision-making. The identification, characterization and validation of biomarkers already appear to be strategic for healthcare systems in developed countries. Today, these systems face considerable challenges:
ageing populations and the fact that many of the diseases that pose thorny public health problems are now chronic diseases,...
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Personalized medicine
Conclusion
Bibliography
Websites
NANO2E, Nanotechnologies, epistemology and ethics
NANONORMA, From innovation to use: what regulatory framework for nano-objects?
Nanoethics, Website of the journal Nanoethics published...
Standards and norms
- Comité technique nanotechnologies. - ISO TC 229 -
- Commission de normalisation nanotechnologies. - AFNOR X457 -
- Nanotechnologies – Nano-object terminology and definitions – Nanoparticles, nanofibers and nanosheets. - ISO TS 27687:2008 -
Regulations
Décret n° 2012-232 du 17 février 2012 relatif à la déclaration annuelle des substances à l'état nanoparticulaire pris en application de l'article L. 523-4 du code de l'environnement – JO n° 0043 du 19 février 2012 page 2863 texte n° 4 NOR: DEVP1123456D.
List of laboratories
Artificial molecular machines :
Organo-Mineral Chemistry Laboratory (LCOM), University of Strasbourg
http://www-chimie.u-strasbg.fr/~lcom/Recherche/machines.html
Molecular Nanosciences Group, Orsay Institute of Molecular Sciences. Molecular PhotoPhysics...
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