3. Exposure to nanoscale titanium dioxide

Titanium dioxide has many applications. It is used in cosmetics, mainly as a sunscreen, but also as a white pigment for certain eyeshadows. It is widely used as a pigment in paint. It is an authorized food additive as a colorant (E171); it can be mixed with other colorants to give intermediate colors, and contributes to the whiteness of cakes, cookies and food wrapping paper. Titanium dioxide comes in three crystalline forms: rutile, anatase and brookite. . In anatase and rutile forms, it is capable of reducing dioxygen O ₂ forming several intermediates called reactive oxygen species...