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2. Manufacturing
High-density polyethylene is obtained by low-pressure ethylene polymerization processes, either alone or with comonomers.
The first production units date back to the mid-1950s. In 1955, Hoechst started up the first unit based on Ziegler Natta catalysis, followed in 1956 by Phillips Petroleum and its industrial reactor employing a chromium catalyst.
In the 1960s, improvements were made to the Ziegler process with the use of super-active catalysts, eliminating the need for costly catalytic residue removal. Subsequently, new processes were developed, such as gas-phase polymerization and particle-form processes.
In the 1990s, the use of serial polymerization reactors enabled the synthesis of bimodal PE-HD, combining...
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Bibliography
- (1) - PEACOCK (J.A.) - Handbook of Polyethylene – Structure, properties & applications. - MARCEL DEKKER INC. (2000).
- (2) - GRANN-MEYER (E.) - Polyethylene Pipes in applied engineering – Handbook. - TOTAL (2005).
Also...
Standards and norms
• The two main control standards (§ 3.1) used to distinguish the different grades of PE-HD according to their density and melt flow rate at 190 ˚C (MFR) are:
- Plastics – Methods for determining the density of cellular plastics – Part 1: Immersion method, liquid pycnometer method and titration method - NF EN ISO 1183-1 - 2004
- Plastics – Determination of the melt flow rate (MFR) and melt...
Regulations
NF 388 mark – Plastic tanks used for unburied storage of domestic heating oil in premises.
NF 114 mark – Polyethylene pipes for combustible gas distribution networks, drinking water distribution networks, irrigation and industrial applications, non-drinking water and pressurized wastewater systems.
Directory
Applied Market Information LTD (AMI)
Chem Systems PPE Program (CMAI)
Petrochemical Market Dynamics Polyolefins. Report, july 2010
Borealis...
Statistical and economic data
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European market
Aside from the impact of the 2009 crisis, PE-HD production in Europe will continue to decline as a result of the announced closure of certain production units. Western Europe continues to export mainly to Central European countries such as Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic and Poland, the latter receiving the largest volume. Outside the...
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