1. Fluid flow in cracks. Theoretical studies
The main characteristic of a leak is that it is a capricious element whose geometry and permanence are subject to hazards that depend on the construction of the wrought elements, their assembly and processing conditions. In fact, a leak that has been inadvertently plugged during handling may remain plugged during subsequent surface treatment, and open up more or less spontaneously when the device is put into service.
1.1 Nature and shape of leaks
The shape and size of a leak depend on its origin. In the case of structural defects (faults, cracks, etc.), the leak is usually direct, and in the case of final joints (weld seams), it passes straight through the wall. However, the first case may occur in the case of imperfectly wetted brazing or flash butt welding....
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Fluid flow in cracks. Theoretical studies
Process and equipment used
Bibliography
References
Standardization
French and European standards. French Standards Association (AFNOR) http://www.afnor.fr
Manufacturers
(non-exhaustive list)
Pressure variation
ATEQ SA http://www.ateq.com
Innomatec GmbH http://www.innomatec.de
Nolek http://www.nolek.com
...Expertise
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