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5. Phase transitions
The surface of a solid material can present several stable or metastable structural states, depending on the conditions. The surface can therefore be the site of phase changes that are often original compared to solid material, due to its reduced dimensionality.
5.1 Deconstruction
Increasing the temperature of a reconstructed solid surface activates the defect creation processes, leading to surface disorder. This is how we can understand the disappearance of the reconstruction of certain surfaces at high temperatures. The reversible transformation of the 7 × 7 reconstruction to the apparent 1 × 1 structure of the (111) silicon surface is described as the disappearance of stacking faults and dimers from the reconstruction, replaced by a quarter monolayer of disordered...
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