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3. From cell to panel
A photovoltaic cell typically produces a few watts of power. To increase power output, several photovoltaic cells are connected in an array to form modules. These modules are then connected together to form panels.
3.1 From cells to module
The short-circuit voltage of a pn junction is of the order of the gap value divided by the electron charge, i.e. of the order of a volt. The maximum power output of a 1 cm cell with an efficiency of 20% under standard conditions is around 5 W. So the current delivered by a cell is of the order of a few amperes.
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From cell to panel
From sign to market
Bibliography
Websites
U.S. Department of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/solar.html
The Photovoltaic education network http://www.pveducation.org /
Temperature dependence of charge...
Events
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European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference http://www.photovoltaic-conference.com/
Renewable energies trade fair (ENR) http://www.bepositive-events.com/enr
...Standards and norms
- Direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy – Photovoltaic pumping system – Specifications - NF C57-310 AFNOR - 1988
- Paramètres descriptifs des systèmes photovoltaïques autonomes - NF EN 61194 AFNOR - 1996
- Photovoltaic systems – Part 7: Calculation of the spectral response mismatch error introduced into the test measurements of a photovoltaic device - NF EN 60904 AFNOR - 1999
- Photovoltaic...
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