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Article | REF: AF176 V1

Cryptographic protocols: analysis using formal methods

Author: Véronique CORTIER

Publication date: April 10, 2006

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2. Attacks

One might think that the main attacks on cryptographic protocols are based on decrypting encrypted messages. In fact, many attacks are based on principles that are much simpler to implement, such as intercepting one message and sending another back.

2.1 Man-in-the-middle attack

For example, G. Lowe [10] discovered some fifteen years after the publication of the Needham-Schroeder protocol that the latter had a flaw in the presence of an active intruder. This flaw is often referred to as a "man-in-the-middle attack". It is illustrated schematically (figure 2 ).

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