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3. Flow observations and forecasts
3.1 Flowmeter stations
In addition to precipitation observations, a number of tools are also available for measuring the flow of natural or managed runoff (rivers, canals, diversions, etc.). Depending on the location and purpose of the measurement, flow can be measured directly or indirectly.
Direct measurements consist of point surveys, carried out using a method known as "velocity field exploration". Flow velocity is measured at various points in the study section, then related to the wetted section area to determine the flow rate. Surface velocity can also be captured using video tools. These techniques are often costly, as they require special equipment (reels, poles) and qualified personnel. For these reasons, flow is generally estimated indirectly using...
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Flow observations and forecasts
Calculating hydrometeorological warnings
Bibliography
Software tools
GRASS, a free Geographic Information System with numerous hydrological tools http://grass.fbk.eu/
Websites
VIGICRUES National flood watch information http://www.vigicrues.gouv.fr/
FFG Flash Flood Guidance maps issued by the US National Weather Service http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php
OHMCV Observatoire hydrométéorologique...
Events
Plinius, annual conference dedicated to Mediterranean thunderstorms http://www.egu.eu/meetings/conference-series/plinius-topical-conferences.html
Floodrisk, a conference dedicated to flood risk management http://www.floodrisk2012.net/
...Regulations
Directive 2007/60/EC of October 23, 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks
Law no. 2003-699 of July 30, 2003 on the prevention of technological and natural risks and the repair of damage (consolidated version at April 30, 2010).
Environment Code Legislative Part
– L 562-1 to 9: PPR plans
– L 563-3: flood markers...
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