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3. Instrumentation and measurement for smart grids
The aim of a smart grid is to use digital technologies to measure, control and protect an electrical network, so as to ensure the reliability and security of the electricity supply. In such a network, the integration of renewable energies is becoming increasingly important.
3.1 Power measurement for smart grids
The balance between available power and power demand can be determined by studying frequency variations. Transient changes on the network, due to increased real or reactive load, major power transfers or the loss of certain generation plants, can weaken or even completely disrupt this balance. Under certain conditions, these temporary variations can turn into unstable oscillations, leading to grid collapse (blackout...
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Instrumentation and measurement for smart grids
Bibliography
Websites
Alstom, Challenges of electrical grids,
http://www.alstom.com/grid/about-us/understanding-electrical-grids/Challenges-of-electrical-grids/ (page consulted in April 2015).
Integrating the 19 th ...
Standards and norms
non-exhaustive list
- American National Standard Protocol Specification for ANSI Type 2 Optical port. - ANSI C12.18-2006 -
- American National Standard For Utility Industry End Device Data Tables. - ANSI C12.19-2012 -
- Protocol Specification for Interfacing to Data Communication Networks. - ANSI C12.22-2012 -
- Guide for the application of current transformers used for protective...
Regulations
Law no. 2010-1488 of December 7, 2010 on the new organization of the electricity market.
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The Ultimate Scientific and Technical Reference