Article | REF: R452 V1

Measurement of radio frequency noise factors and parameters

Author: Daniel PASQUET

Publication date: June 10, 2012

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2. Representation of noise in quadrupoles

The voltages and currents at the ports of linear quadrupoles obey linear equations and can therefore be represented in matrix form. The quantities are grouped two by two to form two vectors that are linked by a 2 x 2 matrix. Noise is introduced by adding an additional vector whose components are correlated noise quantities. . The same approach applies to power waves.

In what follows, we will note

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Representation of noise in quadrupoles