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Article | REF: R905 V1

Basic passive electrical standards

Author: François PIQUEMAL

Publication date: June 10, 2004

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3. Resistance standards

3.1 Resistance standard based on the quantum Hall effect

The quantum Hall effect (QHE), discovered by Klaus von Klitzing in 1980 [25] , is observed on a two-dimensional electron gas (GE2D) placed at very low temperature (T < 4.2 K) and under high magnetic flux density (B > 1 T). The GE2D has a Hall resistance, the ratio of Hall voltage to current, which can take on quantized values depending only on the fundamental constant h/e 2 :

R H (i) = h/ie 2

where i is an integer. For...

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