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7. Lead refining
The aim of refining operations is to obtain 99.99% soft lead, by selective pyrometallurgical extraction of impurities. In succession (figure 2 ):
a decuivrage ;
removal of arsenic, antimony and tin;
an unsilvering ;
dezincification;
debismuthage.
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Metal manufacturing processes and recycling
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Lead refining
Bibliography
Websites
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Battery Council International
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CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) – Australia
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Statistical and economic data
World lead reserves and primary resources
According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), lead reserves were in the region of 78.5 Mt in 2009 (table 1 ), and identified world resources are estimated at over 1.5 billion tonnes.
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