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3. Microstructure evolution
3.1 Cold forming
The early stages of deformation give rise to rapid multiplication of dislocations in each sliding system (stage I, ε < 0.05), as well as interactions of dislocations from different systems (forest interactions or stage II). Similarly, dislocations interact with grain boundary obstacles, resulting in hardening as a function of grain size (d ) according to Hall-Petch's law:
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Microstructure evolution
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