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2. Changes in manufacturing processes
Since the 1990s, there has been a certain systematic organization of liquid steel production techniques, with two main upstream channels:
the cast iron process with a blast furnace fed with agglomerated iron ore, oxygen steelmaking, ladle treatment and increasingly with vacuum treatment, continuous slab casting, strip mill or quarto mill; this process is practically reserved for flat products in Europe;
the electrical sector, supplied with scrap with an UHP (ultra-high-power) furnace, ladle treatment and continuous casting of blooms or billets, followed by long-product trains: bars, beams, sections, wire rod.
Some plants are based on electric furnaces, thin slab casting and continuous finishing trains for thin plates. The cast-iron die is used for top-quality long products: hard wire...
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Changes in manufacturing processes
Metal bases
Bibliography
Codes
CODAP is the French pressure vessel code, available from CETIM in Senlis, but there is now a standardized European code in 4 parts:
NF EN 12952 Water-tube boilers ;
NF EN 12953 Fire tube boilers ;
NF EN 13445 Unfired pressure vessels ;
NF EN 13480 Industrial piping.
Standards and norms
- Désignation et classification des nuances d'aciers. - NF EN 10020 - 09-00
- Produits laminés à chaud en aciers de construction. - NF EN 10025 - 03-09
- Produits plats laminés à chaud en acier à haute limite d'élasticité pour formage à froid. - NF EN 10149 - 12-95
- Bandes et tôles laminées à chaud en continu, en acier doux pour emboutissage ou pliage à froid. - NF EN 10111 - 07-98
- Produits sidérurgiques....
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