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4. Control
The development of control systems for paper mills began in the 1950s with the continuous measurement of paper grammage (weight per m 2 ). In 1960, the first computerized digital control system was used to measure grammage and humidity across the board. Then, in 1970, the first digital paper machine control was installed, using a mini-computer dedicated to this application. Since then, centralized control systems have been introduced, hierarchically managing all the plant's local regulation loops, followed by plant networks capable of distributing all available data to all site players.
As far as the paper machine is concerned, numerous control loops have been installed to monitor process operation and control end-of-machine paper quality. At the same time, in-line measurement techniques and sensors specific to the pulp...
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Control
Special machines
Economic data
According to the annual Pulp and Paper International survey published in July 2002, world production in 2001 amounted to 179,374,000 tonnes of pulp and 318,147,000 tonnes of paper and board (tables 1 , 2...
Specific consumption
Paper manufacturing consumes thermal energy, particularly in the dryer, and electrical energy at all stages of the process.
Paper manufacturing also consumes water at the various stages of pulp preparation, additives and on the paper machine. Some of this water is recycled (see wet-end circuit), while the surplus is sent to the wastewater treatment plant. Finally, it generates waste (sludge,...
Bibliography
Articles and books for [J 6 900]
Standards
Numerous standards have been specially designed for the paper industry, both for the classification and quality assessment of pulp, paper and board, and for the definition of the finished product. In France, paper industry standards are either AFNOR (NF Q standards), ISO (from the ISO/TC 6 technical committee) or CEN (EN standards) (from the CEN/TC 172 technical committee).
Please refer to the current...
Organizations
COPACEL (Confédération française de l'industrie des papiers, cartons et celluloses), which includes the following organizations:
PROCELPAC (French association of manufacturers of cellulose-based packaging materials) ;
French grouping of printing and writing paper manufacturers;
Syndicat des fabricants de papiers...
Manufacturers. Suppliers
Given the diversity of materials and equipment used by pulp, paper and board mills, it is not possible to provide an exhaustive list of manufacturers and suppliers. For this reason, various directories have been specially published for the paper industry, bringing together all the players in the profession.
Europa Birkner. Directory of the European paper industry. Producers, Converters,...
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