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4. Freeze-drying
This drying technique is of interest for products with a reputation for being heat-sensitive, particularly in pharmaceuticals (active ingredients), despite its high energy cost and the relative slowness of the drying process, which is generally batch-type with long residence times. Continuous processes have also been developed for certain applications (e.g. soluble coffee). It is also a technique for preserving the initial volume and appearance of the product, which has become porous and easy to rehydrate (so-called "instant foods").
4.1 Physical principles of freeze-drying
Freeze-drying is a special case of drying where the product is first frozen, so that the vaporization of water takes place directly from the solid phase (ice) to the external vapor phase,...
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Unit operations. Chemical reaction engineering
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Freeze-drying
Zeolite drying, or "zeo-dratation
Bibliography
Reviews
Journals dealing with the drying unit operation, independently of the product:
Chemical Engineering Science ;
Chemical Engineering Processing ;
Drying Technology Journal ;
International Journal of Thermal Science ;
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer...
Software tools
Collection of psychrometry software http://www.linric.com
Online psychrometric calculation http://www.psychro.com
Commercial "Dryer 3 000" software [Windows, MacOSX or Unix/Linux], for calculating cereal tower dryers, by simulation using...
Events
IDS Congress: International Drying Symposium (number of the year)
International congress dedicated to drying. It takes place every two years, in a different host country. The proceedings of each congress are available for consultation.
Directory
AFSIA: French Drying Association for Industry and Agriculture
It brings together applied drying research centers, researchers and manufacturers in France. Its headquarters can change (in 2008, INSA Lyon). It organizes or participates in conferences, and produces its own publications (AFSIA publications).
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