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2. Manufacturing processes
2.1 Process principles
Fluoroalkanes are generally obtained by fluorinating the corresponding chlorine derivative with anhydrous hydrofluoric acid.
Fluoridation is carried out either in the liquid phase or in the vapour phase.
Liquid-phase reactions are most frequently catalyzed by antimony chlorides. Some reactions may use other Lewis acids, such as tin, titanium or tantalum salts.
Gas-phase reactions are generally catalyzed by chromium salts.
The resulting fluorinated compound is more volatile than the original chlorinated raw material. The reaction is followed by a series of conventional unit operations aimed at :
to recycle unprocessed reagents:...
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Unit operations. Chemical reaction engineering
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Manufacturing processes
Main products and trends
Economic data
Figure 1 illustrates the trends in worldwide production of fluoroalkanes, as reconstituted by the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS): these are based on data reported by the manufacturing companies that responded to...
Bibliography
References
Regulations
Regulation (EC) No. 2037/2000 of the European Parliament and of the Council of June 29, 2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer.
Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 17, 2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases.
Directive 2006/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 17, 2006 relating to emissions from...
Producers
Regulatory changes have seriously affected all producers in their development strategies for these products; moreover, a large proportion of CFC substitution is taking place with non-fluorinated products: as can be seen in figure 1 , tonnages produced...
Organizations
Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS) http://www.afeas.org/
Intergovernmental Panel or Climate Change (IPCC) http://www.ipcc.ch/
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