2. Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations
The stability of aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to other hydrocarbons increases with temperature; for this reason, we operate at elevated temperatures, above 300 ˚C. However, kinetic competition between desired and parasitic reactions leads to the choice of specific operating conditions for the targeted transformations.
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Dehydrogenation of cyclanes to aromatic hydrocarbons
An example of this reaction is shown below:
This reaction is highly endothermic (ΔH = 210 kJ/mol) and is accompanied by an increase in the number of moles; it is therefore favored by an increase in temperature and...
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Unit operations. Chemical reaction engineering
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Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations
Catalytic activation of reactions
Bibliography
Economic data
In 2000, worldwide catalytic reforming capacity stood at 530 Mt/year, corresponding to 660 plants in operation worldwide.
In 2000, worldwide production capacity for aromatic hydrocarbons was 40 Mt/year for benzene, 21 Mt/year for toluene and 34 Mt/year for xylenes, with catalytic reforming and steam cracking of petroleum cuts being the two main production routes. At that date, reforming accounted...
Catalyst manufacturers
The global market for catalytic reforming catalysts in 2000 is estimated at around 5,000 t.
As a result of mergers and acquisitions and withdrawals, there are now around 5 catalyst manufacturers, marketing some 40 different products.
The main ones are :
UOP (Union Oil Products)
Procatalysis
...
User industries
There are around 660 catalytic reforming plants in 770 refineries worldwide. In short, all major refineries have a reforming unit, and the industrialists are therefore all types of refiner, and in particular :
the major groups: Exxon-Mobil, Shell, BP, Chevron-Texaco and TotalFinaElf;
national companies: Pemex, Saudi Aramco, Sonatrach... ;...
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