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4. Detection techniques
4.1 Direct detection
At the receiver, light must be converted into two-state electrical signals before it reaches its destination. The most common detection scheme is based on the use of a simple photodiode, followed by a decision flip-flop. The photodiode converts the optical energy received (number of photons or square of the modulus of the electric field E s (t ), hence the nickname "quadratic") into a current i (t ), which is directly proportional to it and is called photocurrent, according to :
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Detection techniques
Assessing the quality of a component or complete optical system
Bibliography
Software tools
Optilux, free software for simulating optical transmission systems http://www.optilux.sourceforge.net/
VPI transmission Maker TM , software suite for the simulation of optical components and systems, published by VPI photonics
Websites
Jean-Michel Jonathan, lecture at Institut d'Optique Graduate School Paris Tech, Guided wave optics – Lightwave http://www.paristech.institutoptique.fr/site.php?id=95=72
Events
Optical Fiber Communications Conference/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC), an international conference held annually in the United States. http://www.ofcconference.org
European Conference on Optical Communications (ECOC) is an international conference held every September in a different European country....
Standards and norms
National Telecommunications Union, ITU http://www.itu.int/
- Interfaces for optical transport networks (OTN) http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.709/fr - ITU-T G.709 -
- Spectral grids for wavelength-division multiplexing applications: DWDM dense grid http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.694.1/fr - ITU-T G.694.1 -
Regulations
French regulatory authority for electronic communications and posts, ARCEP http://www.arcep.fr/
Directory
Manufacturers – Suppliers – Distributors (non-exhaustive list)
Alcatel-Lucent http://www.alcatel-lucent.com
Ciena http://www.ciena.fr/
Cisco Systems http://www.cisco.fr
...
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