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2. Techniques for improving drinking water
2.1 Softeners
A water softener is a device that reduces water hardness by promoting the interaction of calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions. A softener is not the same as an antiscalant, which does not remove limescale.
A water softener works thanks to a resin on which sodium ions (Na+) are fixed. The calcium ions (Ca2+) in hard water are exchanged for Na+ ions as they pass through the resin. When all the Na+ ions in the resin have been used up, the softener needs to be regenerated. In this case, a saturated salt solution (sodium chloride NaCl) rich in Na+ ions is added. Calcium ions (Ca2+), on the other hand, are flushed down the drain with the rinse water.
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Techniques for improving drinking water
Bibliography
- (1) - OMS - Traitement de l'eau de boisson au point d'utilisation dans les situations d'urgence, fiches techniques eau, hygiène, et assainissement en situation d'urgence - ( https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2011/05_traitement_eau_boisson_urgence.pdf...
Websites
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UAE – Union des entreprises d'affinage de l'eau.
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Softening hard water
Regulations
WHO guidelines for drinking water quality, updated in 2006
WHO – April 24, 2017 : Guidelines for drinking water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first additive (download: https://www.who.int/fr/publications-detail/9789241549950 )
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