4. Phenomena quantified in NEMS

At low ambient temperatures, or at high excitation energies, nanostructures are the seat of quantified phenomena. In particular, electrical and thermal transport phenomena, polarization or magnetization of matter, and interactions can be quantified. Quantification leads us to describe these processes as sets of quasi-particles with properties similar to those of photons. We can then apply the theories of statistical physics to determine the physical properties of nanosystems. Readers may also wish to consult Charles Kittel's book on solid-state physics, which describes most of the particles (or similar) encountered .

These quantum manifestations...