11. Conclusion and outlook

In microstructural terms, the ECAP process enables substantial refinement of the microstructure, sometimes from an initial grain size of several tens of microns to a final size of a few hundred or tens of nanometers. . It is well known that this granular refinement improves the mechanical properties of the material. A priori, all metallic materials can be deformed by ECAP and a wide range has already been tested, both pure metals and alloys (copper, aluminum, iron, titanium, tungsten, etc.).

The choice of route used determines the final texture....