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Flash points of flammable liquids are determined using commercial devices such as the Pensky-Martens apparatus. There are a number of different devices, depending on the temperature range under consideration. Refrigerated devices are used to measure the flash point of volatile liquids. For regulatory purposes, flash point values obtained in closed cups are used, in accordance with ATEX or ASTM standards. In some respects, these two standards are not equivalent. In Europe, the ATEX standard applies.
The flammability limits and explosion characteristics P max and maximum rate of pressure rise (dP/dt) max ...
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Conclusion
Bibliography
- (1) - INRS - Les mélanges explosifs. - Ibid., Partie 1 : Gaz et Vapeurs, ED 911, ISBN 2-7389-1183-8 (1994) (2004) http://www.inrs.fr/
- (2) - MEDARD (L.) - Les explosifs occasionnels....
Websites
Encyclopedia of gases, liquid air https://www.airliquide.com/fr/media/lencyclopedie-gaz
IOS application for Ipad and Iphone https://itunes.apple.com/fr/app/encyclopedie-des-gaz/
Android...
Standards and norms
- Explosive atmospheres – Part 20-1: Substance characteristics for gas and vapour classification – Test methods and data https://www.afnor.org/ - NF EN 60079-20-1 - 06-10
- Explosive atmospheres – Part 20-1: Substance characteristics for gas and vapour classification – Test methods and data http://www.afnor.org - CEI 60079-20-1 - 2010
- Détermination de la pression maximale d'explosion et de la vitesse maximale...
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