4. La fabrique des mobilités, an example

In the wake of the digital revolution, new monopolistic companies, the GAFAs, have emerged, offering new experiences, new ways of interacting with brands. Connected citizens have also implemented new modes of action to exchange, consume and manage their excess capacity. New alliances have been formed. They are powerful, with increasing returns, reinforcing each monopoly. These alliances are all based on platforms. Building and controlling a platform is no longer an option. Producer companies organized in chains have been, are or will be dominated by platforms. Platforms offer many advantages, such as antifragility, by integrating users' feedback loops as closely as possible, and the ability to take advantage of network effects.

But the main strength lies in the redistribution of innovation capacities to the entire ecosystem, then their re-concentration. A dominant...