4. Additives

These include catalysts, chain extenders/crosslinkers, surfactants, blowing agents, colorants and fillers.

4.1 Catalysts

In order to achieve an industrial process, and faster transformation times, the relatively slow natural reaction is accelerated and regulated by the use of catalysts. Two main catalytic systems are used: amines and metal salts.

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4.1.1 Amino catalysts

They are mainly tertiary amine-based, and play a vital role in start-up, hardening and expansion...

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Additives

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page Polyaddition reactions

Formulating different types of polyurethane

(1) - BAYER - Production de mousses polyuréthanes (PUR) rigides - PU21012_fr.pdf (30/06/2004).
(2) - LEPPKES (R.) - Polyurethanes [elastogran] – 2000 - Materials...

Database – Websites

Publication Crain Communication Ltd (UTECH conference publications) – Years 1996 to 2008

http://www.urethanes-technology.com/
Isopa website publications

Organizations – Federations – Associations

This list is by no means exhaustive.

Alliance for the polyurethane industry

http://www.polyurethane.org/s_api/index.asp
French Plastics Federation

http://www.laplasturgie.fr
...

Exhibitions – Conventions – Training courses

Suppliers of materials or machines (possibly abroad). Non-exhaustive information.

Compositec

http://www.compositec.com/
Europlast (Paris)
JEC (Paris)
K' (Kunssttoff) (Düsseldorf...

Standards and norms

Raw materials
- Base materials for polyurethanes – Polyethers, polyesters, isocyanates – List of test methods – Summary standard. – Classification number: T52-100. - NF T52-100 - Août 1980
- Plastics – Polyols for polyurethane production – Water dosing. - ISO 14897 - Juin 2002
- Plastics – Base materials for polyurethanes – Polyethers and polyesters – Water dosing. Classification...